Selected Bibliography for Teaching and
Learning Proverbs or Maxims

This is but a sample of the books and studies dealing with the scholarship on children and proverbs in the English language (many others exist in other languages). All publications listed here are part of Professor Wolfgang Mieder's international proverb archive at the University of Vermont. These and other publications can be found in Mieder's International Proverb Scholarship: An Annotated Bibliography, 3 vols. (New York: Garland Publishing, 1982, 1990, and 1993) and in his annual bibliographies in Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship.

Prepared by Wolfgang Mieder, August 1999

Ackerman, Brian. "On Comprehending Idioms: Do Children Get the Picture?" Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 33 (1982), 439-454.

Alexander, Richard. "Fixed Expressions in English: Reference Books and the Teacher." ELT [English Language Teaching] Journal, 38 (1984), 127-134.

Barbour, Frances M. (ed.). A Concordance to the Sayings in Franklin's "Poor Richard." Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1974. 245 pp.

Barley, Nigel. "A Structural Approach to the Proverb and maxim with Special Reference to the Anglo-Saxon Corpus." Proverbium, no. 20 (1972), 737-750.

Bass, Bernard M. "Development and Evaluation of a Scale for Measuring Social Acquiescence." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53 (1956), 296-299.

Berman, Louis A. "Using Proverbs to Test Readiness for College Composition." Proverbium, 7 (1990), 19-36.

Boateng, Felix. "African Traditional Education: A Tool for Intergenerational Communication." African Culture: The Rhythms of Unity. Eds. Molefi Kete Asante and Kariamu Welsh Asante. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1985. 109-122.

Bobrow, Samuel A.. and Susan M. Bell. "On Catching on to Idiomatic Expressions." Memory & Cognition, 1 (1973), 343-346.

Bock, J. Kathryn, and William F. Brewer. "Comprehension and Memory of the Literal and Figurative Meaning of Proverbs." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 9 (1980), 59-72.

Bornstein, Valerie. "A Case Study and Analysis of Family Proverb Use." Proverbium, 8 (1991), 19-28.

Brewer, Patricia J. Age, Language, Culture, Previous Knowledge, and the Proverb as a Social Metaphor: A Study in Relationships. Diss. University of Pennsylvania, 1973. 208 pp.

Bromley, Karen D'Angelo. "Teaching Idioms." The Reading Teacher, 38 (1984), 272-276.

Brooke, Pamela. "Picture Talk: Proverbs, Similes, and other Folk Speech." Instructor (March 1987), 92-94.

Burke, Kenneth. "Literature [i.e., Proverbs] as Equipment for Living." In. K. Burke. The Philosophy of Literary Form: Studies in Symbolic Action. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana University Press, 1941. 253-262.

Burton, John D. An Information Processing Analysis of the Interpretation of Proverbs by Grade Nine Students: An Exploratory Study. Diss. University of Ottawa, 1989. 195 pp.

Cacciari, Cristina, and Patrizia Tabossi (eds.). Idioms: Processing, Structure, and Interpretation. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993. 337 pp.

Carnes, Pack (ed.). Proverbia in Fabula: Essays on the Relationship of the Fable and the Proverb. Bern: Peter Lang, 1988. 343 pp.

Carver, D.J. "`Idioms' and the Teaching of an Active Vocabulary." ELT [English Language Teaching] Journal, 26 (1971), 47-54.

Case, Tammy Jean Smith. The Role of Literal and Figurative Familiarity in Proverb Comprehension. Diss. University of Cincinnati, 1991. 109 pp.

Chambers, John Wayne. Proverb Comprehension in Children. Diss. University of Cincinnati, 1977. 102 pp.

Champion, Selwyn Gurney. The Eleven Religions and Their Proverbial Lore. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1945. 340 pp.

Colston, Herbert Lynn. Actions Speak Louder than Words: Understanding Figurative Proverbs. Diss. University of California at Santa Cruz, 1995. 130 pp.

Cometa, Michael Stephen. Logical Operations in Semantic Development: A Piagetian Model of Metaphor and Proverb Comprehension. Diss. State University of New York at Albany, 1976. 146 pp.

Crane, Mary Thomas. Proverbial and Aphoristic Sayings: Sources of Authority in the English Renaissance. Diss. Harvard University, 1986. 464 pp.

D'Angelo, Frank J. "Some Uses of Proverbs." College Composition and Communication, 28 (1977), 365-369.

Davis, Natalie Z. "Proverbial Wisdom and Popular Error." In N. Davis. Society and Culture in Early Modern France. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1975. 227-267 and 336-346 (notes).

Demorest, Amy, Lisa Silberstein, Howard Gardner, and Ellen Winner. "Telling It as It Isn't: Children's Understanding of Figurative Language." British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1 (1983), 121-134.

Djap, Djam Dung. Proverbial Understanding and the Development of Part-Whole Reasoning Skills. Diss. University of Toronto, 1984. 238 pp.

Douglas, Joan D., and Bettina Peel. "The Development of Metaphor and Proverb Translation in Children Grades 1 through 7." Journal of Educational Research, 73 (1979), 116-119.

Dry, Edward B. "The Use of Expressions in the Classroom." The Volta Review, 75 (1973), 486-492.

Dunn, Anthony Charles. The Development and Measurement of Analogic Thought [in Children]. Diss. University of Utah, 1981. 85 pp.

Edwards, Peter. "Idioms and Reading Comprehension." Journal of Reading Behavior, 6 (1974), 287-293.

Egblewogbe, Eustace Yawo. "The Structure and Functions of Proverbs in African Societies." Social Education, 44 (1980), 516-518.

Estill, Robert B., and Susan Kemper. "Interpreting Idioms [i.e., Proverbs]." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 11 (1982), 559-568.

Everaert, Martin, Erik-Jan van der Linden, André Schenk, and Rob Schreuder (eds.). Idioms: Structural and Psychological Perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995. 329 pp.

Ewert, D. Merrill. "Proverbs, Parables and Metaphors." Convergence: An International Journal of Adult Education, 14 (1981), 32-43.

Feichtl, Nancy Gibbons. Using Proverbs to Facilitate Metaphorical Language Comprehension: A Curriculum Study. Diss. University of Maryland, 1988. 263 pp.

Firment, Michael Joseph. Interpretation Components as a Measure of Learning for Proverb-Based Conceptual Categories. Diss. University of Cincinnati, 1990. 107 pp.

Fisher, Judith Tougas. Adolescent Proverb Comprehension: Racial Similarities and Differences. Diss. Florida State University, 1981. 78 pp.

Fontaine, Carole R. Traditional Sayings in the Old Testament: A Contextual Study. Sheffield: Almond Press, 1982. 279 pp.

Freides, David, Burton J. Fredenthal, James L. Grisell, and Bertram D. Cohen. "Changes in Two Dimensions of Cognition During Adolescence." Child Development, 34 (1963), 1047-1055.

Furnham, Adrian. "The Proverbial Truth: Contextually Reconciling and the Truthfulness of Antonymous Proverbs." Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 6 (1987), 49-55.

Gallacher, Stuart A. "Franklin's Way to Wealth: A Florilegium of Proverbs and Wise Sayings." Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 48 (1949), 229-251.

Gibbs, Raymond W. "Linguistic Factors in Children's Understanding of Idioms." Journal of Child Language, 14 (1987), 569-586.

Gibbs, Raymond W., and Dinara Beitel. "What Proverb Understanding Reveals about How People Think." Psychological Bulletin, 118 (1995), 133-154.

Gibbs, Raymond W., Herbert L. Colston, and Michael D. Johnson. "Proverbs and the Metaphorical Mind." Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11 (1996), 207-216.

Griffin, Albert Kirby. Religious Proverbs: Over 1600 Adages from 18 Faiths Worldwide. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1991. 210 pp.

Grzybek, Peter. "Foundations of Semiotic Proverb Study." Proverbium, 4 (1987), 39-85.

Hasan-Rokem, Galit. Proverbs in Israeli Folk Narratives: A Structural Semantic Analysis. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1982. 107 pp.

Higbee, Kenneth L., and Richard J. Millard. "Visual Imagery and Familiarity Ratings for 203 Sayings." American Journal of Psychology, 96 (1983), 211-222.

Holden, Marjorie, and Mimi Warshaw, "A Bird in the Hand and a Bird in the Bush: Using Proverbs to Teach Skills and Comprehension." English Journals, 74 (1985), 63-67.

Honeck, Richard P. A Proverb in Mind. The Cognitive Science of Proverbial Wit and Wisdom. Muhwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.

Honeck, Richard P., and Clare T. Kibler. "The Role of Imagery, Analogy, and Instantiation in Proverb Comprehension." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 13 (1984), 393-414.

Honeck, Richard P., Brenda M. Sowry, and Katherine Voegtle. "Proverbial Understanding in a Pictorial Context." Child Development, 49 (1978), 327-331.

Honeck, Richard P., and Jon G. Temple. "Proverbs and the Complete Mind." Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11 (1996), 217-232.

Honeck, Richard P., Katherine Voegtle, Mark A. Dorfmueller, and Robert R. Hoffman. "Proverbs, Meaning, and Group Structure." Cognition and Figurative Language. Eds. Richard Honeck and Robert Hoffman. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1980. 127-161.

Honeck, Richard P., Katherine Voegtle, and Brenda M. Sowry. "Figurative Understanding of Pictures and Sentences." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 10 (1981), 135-154.

Hudson, Catherine. "Traditional Proverbs as Perceived by Children from an Urban Environment." Journal of the Folklore Society of Greater Washington D.C., 3 (1972), 17-24.

Israelite, Neita, Patrick Schloss, and Maureen Smith. "Teaching Proverb Use through a Modified Table Game [Monopoly]." Volta Review, 88 (1986), 195-207.

Jacob, Theodore. "Verbal Activity of Middle- and Lower-Class Parents when Teaching Their Child." Psychological Reports, 40 (1977), 575-578.

Kempler, Daniel, and Diana Van Lancker. "Acquisition and Loss of Familiar Language: Idiom and Proverb Comprehension." Confluence: Linguistics, L2 Acquisition and Speech Pathology. Ed. Fred R. Eckman. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1993. 249-257.

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. "Toward a Theory of Proverb Meaning." Proverbium, no. 22 (1973), 821-827. Also in Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes (eds.). The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb. New York: Garland Publishing, 1981; rpt. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994. 111-121.

Krikmann, Arvo. "On Denotative (Semantic) Indefiniteness of Proverbs." Proverbium, 1 (1984), 47-91; and 2 (1985), 58-85.

Lau, Kimberly J. "`It's about Time': The Ten Proverbs Most Frequently Used in Newspapers and Their Relation to American Values." Proverbium, 13 (1996), 135-159.

Levorato, Maria C., and Cristina Cacciari. "Children's Comprehension and Production of Idioms: The Role of Context and Familiarity." Journal of Child Language, 19 (1992), 415-433.

Lieber, Michael. "Analogic Ambiguity: A Paradox of Proverb Usage." Journal of American Folklore, 97 (1984), 423-441. Also in Wolfgang Mieder (ed.). Wise Words: Essays on the Proverb. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. 99-126.

Lodge, Donna N., and Edwin A. Leach. "Children's Acquisition of Idioms in the English Language." Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 18 (1975), 521-529.

Lutzer, Victoria D. "Comprehension of Proverbs by Average Children and Children with Learning Disorders." Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21 (1988), 104-108.

Manzo, Anthony V. "Using Proverbs to Teach Reading and Thinking." The Reading Teacher, 34 (1981), 411-416.

McKenzie, Alyce M. Preaching Proverbs: Wisdom for the Pulpit. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. 170 pp.

Mieder, Wolfgang. International Proverb Scholarship: An Annotated Bibliography. 3 vols. New York: Garland Publishing, 1982, 1990, and 1993. 613 pp., 436 pp. and 927 pp.

Mieder, Wolfgang. Tradition and Innovation in Folk Literature. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1987. 293 pp.

Mieder, Wolfgang. American Proverbs: A Study of Texts and Contexts. Bern: Peter Lang, 1989. 394 pp.

Mieder, Wolfgang. "`Early to Bed and Early to Rise': From Proverb to Benjamin Franklin and Back." In W. Mieder. Proverbs Are Never Out of Season: Popular Wisdom in the Modern Age. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 98-134.

Mieder, Wolfgang. "`Proverbs Everyone Ought to Know': Paremiological Minimum and Cultural Literacy." In W. Mieder. Proverbs Are Never Out of Season: Popular Wisdom in the Modern Age. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 41-57.

Mieder, Wolfgang (ed.). Wise Words: Essays on the Proverb. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. 582 pp.

Mieder, Wolfgang. The Politics of Proverbs: From Traditional Wisdom to Proverbial Stereotypes. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997. 260 pp.

Mieder, Wolfgang, and George B. Bryan. Proverbs in World Literature: A Bibliography. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. 305 pp.

Mieder, Wolfgang, and Alan Dundes (eds.). The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb. New York: Garland Publishing, 1981; rpt. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994. 330 pp.

Mieder, Wolfgang, Stewart A. Kingsbury, and Kelsie B. Harder (eds.). A Dictionary of American Proverbs. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 710 pp.

Mieder, Wolfgang, and Janet Sobieski. Proverb Iconography: An International Bibliography. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. 225 pp.

Monteiro, George. "Proverbs in the Re-Making [by Children]." Western Folklore, 27 (1968), 128.

Newcomb, Robert. The Sources of Benjamin Franklin's Sayings of Poor Richard. Diss. University of Maryland, 1957. 399 pp.

Nichols, Ray. "Maxims, `Practical Wisdom,' and the Language of Action: Beyond Grand Theory." Political Theory, 24 (1996), 687-705.

Nippold, Marilyn A. "Comprehension of Figurative Language in Youth." Topics in Language Disorders, 5, no. 3 (1985), 1-20.

Nippold, Marilyn A., Stephanie A. Martin, and Barbara J. Erskine. "Proverb Comprehension in Context: A Developmental Study with Children and Adolescents." Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 31 (1988), 19-28.

Nippold, Marilyn A., and Michelle Rudzinski. "Familiarity and Transparency in Idiom Explanation: A Developmental Study of Children and Adolescents." Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36 (1993), 728-737.

Nippold, Marilyn A., and Catherine L. Taylor. "Idiom Understanding in Youth. Further Examination of Familiarity and Transparency." Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38 (1995), 426-433.

Nippold, Marilyn A., Linda D. Uhden, and Ilsa E. Schwarz. "Proverb Explanation through the Lifespan: A Developmental Study of Adolescents and Adults." Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 40 (1997), 245-253.

Norrick, Neal R. How Proverbs Mean: Semantic Studies in English Proverbs. Amsterdam: Mouton, 1985. 213 pp.

Nuessel, Frank. "Proverbs and Metaphoric Language in Second-Language Acquisition." Studies in Applied Psychosemiotics, 16 (1999), 157-178.

Nussbaum, Stan. The ABC of American Culture: First Steps toward Understanding the American People through Their Common Sayings and Proverbs. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Global Mapping International, 1998. 55 pp. (available from author).

Obelkevich, James. "Proverbs and Social History." The Social History of Language. Eds. Peter Burke and Roy Porter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 43-72. Also in Wolfgang Mieder (ed.). Wise Words: Essays on the Proverb. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. 211-252.

Oliver, Venita Sue. Ideational Fluency and Proverb Comprehension: Comparisons Among and Between Bilingual and Monolingual College Students. Diss. Northern Arizona University, 1991. 286 pp.

Orkin, Martin. "The Poor Cat's Adage and Other Shakespearian Proverbs in Elizabethian Grammar-School Education." English Studies in Africa, 21 (1978), 79-88.

Ortony, Andrew, Terence J. Turner, and Nancy Larson-Shapiro. "Cultural and Instructional Influences on Figurative Language Comprehension by Inner City Children." Research in the Teaching of English, 19 (1985), 25-36.

Page, Mary H., and Nancy D. Washington. "Family Proverbs and Value Transmission of Single Black Mothers." Journal of Social Psychology, 127 (1987), 49-58.

Pasamanick, Judith R. The Proverb Moves the Mind: Abstraction and Metaphor in Children Six-Nine. Diss. Yeshiva University, 1982. 395 pp.

Pasamanick, Judith R. "Talk `Does' Cook Rice: Proverb Abstraction through Social Interaction." International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 44 (1983), 5-25.

Pasamanick, Judith R. "Watched Pots Do Boil: Proverb Interpretation through Contextual Illustration." Proverbium, 2 (1985), 145-183.

Pazdziora, Marian. "The Sapiential Aspect of the Canterbury Tales." Kwartalnik Neofilogiczny, 27 (1980), 413-426.

Penfield, Joyce. Communicating with Quotes: The Igbo Case. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983. 138 pp.

Penfield, Joyce, and Mary Duru. "Proverbs: Metaphors that Teach." Anthropological Quarterly, 61 (1988), 119-128.

Permiakov, Grigorii L'vovich. From Proverb to Folk-Tale: Notes on the General Theory of Cliché. Moscow: "Nauka" Publishing House, 1979. 287 pp.

Piaget, Jean. "Some Peculiarities of Verbal Understanding [Including Proverbs] in the Child Between the Ages of Nine and Eleven.' In J. Piaget. The language and Thought of the Child. 3rd ed. New York: The Humanities Press, 1959 (1st ed. 1926). 127-161.

Powell, J.C. "The Developmental Sequence of Cognition as Revealed by Wrong Answers." Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 23 (1977), 43-51.

Prahlad, Anand (Dennis Folly). "`No Guts, No Glory': Proverbs, Values and Image among Anglo-American University Students." Southern Folklore, 51 (1994), 285-298.

Prahlad, Anand (Dennis Folly). African-American Proverbs in Context. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1996. 292 pp.

Prinz, Philip M. "The Development of Idiomatic Meaning in Children." Language and Speech, 26 (1983), 263-272.

Rattray, R.S. "The African Child in Proverb, Folklore, and Fact." Africa, 6 (1933), 456-471.

Rees, Nigel. Sayings of the Century: The Stories Behind the Twentieth Century's Quotable Sayings. London: George Allen, 1984. 270 pp.

Resnick, David Arthur. The Development of Children's Comprehension of Proverbs. Diss. Columbia University, 1977. 169 pp.

Resnick, David Arthur. "A Developmental Study of Proverb Comprehension." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 11 (1982), 521-538.

Richardson, Claudia, and Joseph Church. "A Developmental Analysis of Proverb Interpretations [by Children].' Journal of Genetic Psychology, 94 (1959), 169-179.

Richardson, Claudia, and Joseph Church. "A Developmental Analysis of Proverb Interpretations [by Children]." Journal of Genetic Psychology, 94 (1959), 169-179.

Rogers, Rex Stainton. "Normative Prescriptions in Ordinary Language: A Notation for Approaching the Mechanisms of Response generation." Functional Studies in Language and Literature. Eds. Frank Coppieters and Didier L. Goyvaerts. Ghent: Story-Scientia, 1978. 119-131.

Scorza, Richard. "Text and Interpretation [`A Watched Pot Never Boils']: A Teaching Strategy." Teaching English in the Two-Year College, 6 (1980), 105-106.

Seitel, Peter. "Proverbs: A Social use of Metaphor." Genre, 2 (1969), 143-161. Also in Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes (eds.). The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb. New York: Garland Publishing, 1981; rpt. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994. 122-139.

Shippey, T.A. "Maxims in Old English Narrative: Literary Art or Traditional Wisdom?" Oral Tradition--Literary Tradition. A Symposium. Eds. Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, Andreas Haarder, and Hans Frede. Odense: Odense Universaity Press, 1977. 38-46.

Simpson, John. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 316 pp.

Stanciu, Dumitru. "The Proverb and the Problems of Education." Proverbium, 3 (1986), 153-178.

Taylor, Archer. The Proverb. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1931; rpt. Hatboro, Pennsylvania: Folklore Associates, 1962; rpt. again with an introduction and bibliography by Wolfgang Mieder. Bern: Peter Lang, 1985. 223 pp.

Taylor, Archer, and Bartlett Jere Whiting. A Dictionary of American Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases, 1820-1880. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958. 418 pp.

Teigen, Karl Halvor. "Old Truths or Fresh Insights? A Study of Students' Evaluations of Proverbs." British Journal of Social Psychology, 25 (1986), 43-49.

Templeton, John Marks. Worldwide Laws of Life. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Templeton Foundation Press, 1997. 502 pp.

Thompson, John Mark. The Form and Function of Proverbs in Ancient Israel. The Hague: Mouton, 1974. 156 pp.

Tóthné Litovkina, Anna. "A Proverb a Day Keeps Students Awake." NovELTy: A Journal of English Language Teaching and Cultural Studies in Hungary, no volume given (1996), 88-96.

Tow, Patrick K., and Steve Tonelson. "An Exercise on Enacting Proverbs in Health Education." Journal of Health Education, 25 (1994), 247-248.

Van Lancker, Diana. "The Neurology of Proverbs." Behavioural Neurology, 3 (1990), 169-187.

Van Lancker, Diana, and Daniel Kempler. "Comprehension of Familiar Phrases by Left- but not by Right-Hemisphere Damaged Patients." Brain and Language, 32 (1987), 265-277.

Westermann, Claus. Roots of Wisdom: The Oldest Proverbs of Israel and Other Peoples. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1995. 178 pp.

White, Geoffrey M. "Proverbs and Cultural Models: An American Psychology of Problem Solving." Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Eds. Dorothy Holland and Naomi Quinn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 151-172.

Whiting, Bartlett Jere. Early American Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977. 555 pp.

Whiting, Bartlett Jere. Modern Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989. 709 pp.

Whiting, Bartlett Jere. When Evensong and Morrowsong Accord. Three Essays on the [Origin, Nature, and Study of the] Proverb. Eds. Joseph Harris and Wolfgang Mieder. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1994. 130 pp.

Wilkins, Eliza Gregory. "Know Thyself" in Greek and Latin Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Libraries, 1917. 105 pp.

Wilson, F.P. The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. 930 pp.

Winton, Alan P. The Proverbs of Jesus: Issues of History and Rhetoric. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1990. 236 pp.

Yankah, Kwesi. "Do Proverbs Contradict?" Folklore Forum, 17 (1984), 2-19. Also in Wolfgang Mieder (ed.). Wise Words: Essays on the Proverb. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. 127-142.

Zholkovskii, Aleksandr K. "At the Intersection of Linguistics, Paremiology and Poetics: On the Literary Structure of Proverbs." Poetics, 7 (1978), 309-332.